It is a short powerful Makkan Sūrah focused on the contrasting oaths, and the importance of the soul. The Sūrah teaches us that life is made up of opposites. These opposites include the straight path and the paths of misguidance. In Sūrah ash-Shams, Allah takes an oath on the sun and the moon, the day and the night, and the sky and the earth. These three sets of opposites lay the framework for the message of this Sūrah. Everything in this world has an opposite. The seventh oath is on the soul, which the message of the Sūrah revolves around. Sūrah ash-Shams end with an example of people who chose the path of misguidance.
وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا١وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا٢وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا٣وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا٤وَالسَّمَاءِ وَمَا بَنَاهَا٥وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا طَحَاهَا٦وَنَفْسٍ وَمَا سَوَّاهَا٧فَأَلْهَمَهَا فُجُورَهَا وَتَقْوَاهَا٨قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَنْ زَكَّاهَا٩وَقَدْ خَابَ مَنْ دَسَّاهَا
1-By the sun and Duhaha.: Allah swears by the sun and its daytime, because the clear light of the sun is daytime.
The prophet (Pbuh) mentioened the Duha prayer and its virtues. The Prophet ﷺ said: “The prayer of those who are repentant (Awwabeen: persistent in praying Duha prayer habitually.) is observed when your weaned camels feel the heat of the sun.” And The Prophet ﷺ said: “In the morning, every single joint of yours must pay a sadaqah (charity). Every SubhanAllah is a sadaqah, every Alhamdulillāh is a sadaqah, every La Ilaha Illa Allah is a sadaqah, every Allahu Akbar is a sadaqah, every commanding good is a sadaqah, and every forbidding evil is a sadaqah, and all this is accomplished through two rakʿahs one can pray in Duha [prayer].”
The time of Duha begins after the sun fully rises and it ends approximately 15 minutes before Dhuhr prayer. The most preferred time for Duha prayer is at the hottest part of the day, when the sun has reached its zenith (its highest point), and this is approximately halfway between sunrise and Dhuhr prayer.
2- By the moon as it Talaha: as it Talaha (follows it)' is referring to the night of the Hilal (the new crescent moon). When the sun goes down, the Hilal is visible.''
3- By the day as it Jallaha: When it illuminates.'
4-By the night as it Yaghshaha: when it covers the sun, which takes place when sun disappears and the horizons become dark.
Night and day are an important creations that Allah Almighty made for people to benefit from. Allah questioned on Quran:
قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ اللَّيْلَ سَرْمَدًا إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ مَنْ إِلَٰهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِضِيَاءٍ ۖ أَفَلَا تَسْمَعُونَ٧١قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ النَّهَارَ سَرْمَدًا إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ مَنْ إِلَٰهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِلَيْلٍ تَسْكُنُونَ فِيهِ ۖ أَفَلَا تُبْصِرُونَ٧٢وَمِنْ رَحْمَتِهِ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ لِتَسْكُنُوا فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ
Say: "Tell me! If Allah made the night continuous for you till the Day of Resurrection, which god besides Allah could bring you light Will you not then hear'' 72. Say: "Tell me! If Allah made the day continuous for you till the Day of Resurrection, which god besides Allah could bring you night wherein you rest Will you not then see'' 73. It is out of His mercy that He has made for you the night and the day that you may rest therein and that you may seek of His bounty -- and in order that you may be grateful. (Al-Qasas:72-73)
5- By the heaven and Ma Banaha: meaning "By the heaven and its construction.''
6- By the earth and Ma Tahhaha. : Tahaha means He spread it out
7-By Nafs, and Ma Sawwaha (Who apportioned it): He created it sound and well-proportioned upon the correct nature (Al-Fitrah). This is as Allah says,
﴿فَأَقِمْ وَجْهَكَ لِلدِّينِ حَنِيفاً فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِى فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا لاَ تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ﴾
“So set you your face towards the religion, Hanif. Allah's Fitrah with which He has created mankind. No change let there be in the Khalqillah.” (AR-Room:30). The Messenger of Allah said:
كُلُّ مَوْلُودٍ يُولَدُ عَلى الْفِطْرَةِ فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ أَوْ يُمَجِّسَانِهِ، كَمَا تُولَدُ الْبَهِيمَةُ بَهِيمَةً جَمْعَاءَ، هَلْ تُحِسُّونَ فِيهَا مِنْ جَدْعَاءَ؟
“Every child that is born, is born upon the Fitrah, but his parents make him a Jew, a Christian, or a Zoroastrian. This is just as the animal is born, complete with all of its parts. Do you notice any mutilation in it”. And in hadith Qudsi, Allah says:
يَقُولُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: إِنِّي خَلَقْتُ عِبَادِي حُنَفَاءَ فَجَاءَتْهُمُ الشَّيَاطِينُ فَاجْتَالَتْهُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِم
“Allah the Mighty and Majestic says, "Verily I created My servants Hunafa' (as monotheists), but then the devils came to them and distracted them from their religion.''
Then Allah says:
8- Then He showed it its Fujur and its Taqwa: and inspired it with knowledge of what is wrong for it and what is right for it.
9- Indeed he succeeds who purifies it: This could mean that whoever purifies himself by obedience to Allah, then he will be successful.
10- And indeed he fails who Dassaha: This means that he makes it dull, and he disregards it by neglecting to allow it to receive guidance. He treats it in this manner until he performs acts of disobedience and he abandons obedience of Allah.
Allah swears by His Creation that the Person Who purifies Himself will be Successful and the Person Who corrupts Himself will fail.
"The Messenger of Allah used to stop whenever he recited this Ayah,
وَنَفْسٍ وَمَا سَوَّاهَا - فَأَلْهَمَهَا فُجُورَهَا وَتَقْوَاهَا
By Nafs, and Ma Sawwaha (Who apportioned it). Then He showed it its Fujur and its Taqwa.) Then he would say,
اللْهُمَّ آتِ نَفْسِي تَقْوَاهَا، أَنْتَ وَلِيُّهَا وَمَوْلَاهَا، وَخَيْرُ مَنْ زَكَّاهَا
“O Allah! Give my soul its good. You are its Guardian and Master, and the best to purify it.''
Another Hadith Imam Ahmad recorded that Zayd bin Arqam said that the prophet (Pbuh) used to say:
اللْهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْعَجْز وَالْكَسَلِ، وَالْهَرَمِ وَالْجُبْنِ وَالْبُخْلِ وَعَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ. اللْهُمَّ آتِ نَفْسِي تَقْوَاهَا، وَزَكِّهَا أَنْتَ خَيْرُ مَنْ زَكَّاهَا، أَنْتَ وَلِيُّهَا وَمَوْلَاهَا. اللْهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ قَلْبٍ لَا يَخْشَعُ، وَمِنْ نَفْسٍ لَا تَشْبَعُ، وَعِلْمٍ لَا يَنْفَعُ، وَدَعْوَةٍ لَا يُسْتَجَابُ لَهَا
“O Allah! Verily, I seek refuge with You from weakness, laziness, senility (of old age), cowardliness, stinginess and the torment of the grave. O Allah! Give my soul its good and purify it, for You are the best to purify it. You are its Guardian and Master. O Allah! Verily, I seek refuge with You from a heart that is not humble, a soul that is not satisfied, knowledge that does not benefit and a supplication that is not answered.” Zayd then said, "The Messenger of Allah used to teach us these (words) and we now teach them to you.''( Muslim )
The command to purify our hearts and soul from sins was an essential Islamic teaching ever since the early stages of the revelation in Mecca.
And Allah said:
يَوْمَ لَا يَنفَعُ مَالٌ وَلَا بَنُونَ إِلَّا مَنْ أَتَى اللَّهَ بِقَلْبٍ سَلِيمٍ
“A day when there will be no benefit in wealth or children, but only in he who comes to Allah with a pure heart.” (Ash-Shu’ara:88-89).
We learn from these verses that our success in the Hereafter depends upon the purification of our hearts in this life. We must purify our hearts from spiritual sins such as greed, malice, envy, arrogance, and worldliness. In their place, we must adorn the heart with spiritual virtues such as generosity, compassion, benevolence, humility, and asceticism.
Purification of the heart was one of the first commands with which Moses, upon him be peace, was sent to Pharaoh.
Allah said:
اذْهَبْ إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ إِنَّهُ طَغَىٰ فَقُلْ هَل لَّكَ إِلَىٰ أَن تَزَكَّىٰ
“Go to Pharaoh, for verily, he is a transgressor. Say to him: Will you purify yourself?” (An-Nazi’at:17-18).
One of the primary methods we can use to purify our hearts is to perform sincere supplications and prayers according to the prophetic way (sunnah).
Allah said:
قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَن تَزَكَّىٰ وَذَكَرَ اسْمَ رَبِّهِ فَصَلَّىٰ
“He has succeeded who purifies himself, who remembers the name of his Lord and prays.” (Al-A’la:14-15).
When we exalt Allah and ask for our sins to be forgiven, this removes arrogance from our hearts and makes us humble. When we pray for Allah to guide others, this removes malice and hatred from our hearts and makes us love others for the sake of Allah. When we remember the Hereafter and the Day of Resurrection, this makes us less attached to the world and more inclined to help others.
The ritual prayer is meant to prevent us from committing sins and immoral deeds.
Allah said:
إِنَّ الصَّلَاةَ تَنْهَىٰ عَنِ الْفَحْشَاءِ وَالْمُنكَرِ ۗ وَلَذِكْرُ اللَّهِ أَكْبَرُ
“Verily, the prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and the remembrance of Allah is greater.” (Al-Ankabut:45).
The next method we can use to purify our hearts is to give in charity and perform good deeds for others.
Allah said:
وَسَيُجَنَّبُهَا الْأَتْقَى الَّذِي يُؤْتِي مَالَهُ يَتَزَكَّىٰ
“But the righteous one will avoid Hellfire, who gives from his wealth to purify himself.” (Al-Layl:17-18).
And Allah said:
خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِم بِهَا وَصَلِّ عَلَيْهِمْ
“Take from their wealth a charity by which you cleanse them and purify them, and invoke blessings upon them.” (At-Tawbah:103).
The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
كُلُّ مَعْرُوفٍ صَدَقَةٌ وَإِنَّ مِنْ الْمَعْرُوفِ أَنْ تَلْقَى أَخَاكَ بِوَجْهٍ طَلْقٍ وَأَنْ تُفْرِغَ مِنْ دَلْوِكَ فِي إِنَاءِ أَخِيكَ
“Every good deed is charity. Verily, it is a good deed to meet your brother with a smiling face, and to pour what is left from your bucket into the vessel of your brother.”
the salvation of a Muslim depends upon purification of the heart soul from vices and adorning the heart with virtues. Purification is achieved through performing sincere supplications, prayers, and acts of charity toward others. We must remember that we will be judged on the Day of Resurrection according to the purity of our hearts and the righteousness of our deeds.
Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَى صُوَرِكُمْ وَأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَلَكِنْ يَنْظُرُ إِلَى قُلُوبِكُمْ وَأَعْمَالِكُمْ
“Verily, Allah does not look at your appearance or wealth, but rather He looks at your hearts and actions.”
Improving our character. The Prophet (SAW) said: “Nothing is heavier on the believer’s Scale on the Day of Judgment than good character” (Tirmidhi). From above saying we can conclude that on The Day of Judgment a person’s good character and pure heart will matter.
The end of the Surah, Allah talked about the people of Thamud and their disobedience and rebellion against their prophet.
كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ بِطَغْوَاهَا١١إِذِ انْبَعَثَ أَشْقَاهَا١٢فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ نَاقَةَ اللَّهِ وَسُقْيَاهَا١٣فَكَذَّبُوهُ فَعَقَرُوهَا فَدَمْدَمَ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّهُمْ بِذَنْبِهِمْ فَسَوَّاهَا١٤وَلَا يَخَافُ عُقْبَاهَا١٥
11. Thamud denied through their trans- gression. 12. When their most wicked went forth. 13. But the Messenger of Allah said to them: "Be cautious! That is the she-camel of Allah! (Do not harm it) and (bar it not from having) its drink!'' 14. Then they denied him and they killed it. So their Lord destroyed them because of their sin, Fasawwaha (levelling all to the ground) 15. And He feared not the consequences thereof.
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